Multi-thickness film layer bearing cartridge and housing

ABSTRACT

An exemplary squeeze film bearing cartridge for a turbocharger includes a center section, two outer sections having a first outer diameter and two intermediate sections having a second outer diameter, the intermediate sections positioned intermediate the center section and a respective one of the outer sections and wherein the first outer diameter exceeds the second outer diameter. Various exemplary bearing cartridges, housings, assemblies, etc., are also disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to turbomachinery forinternal combustion engines and, in particular, rolling element bearingcartridges and bearing housings for such bearing cartridges.

BACKGROUND

The advantages associated with low friction bearings are well known to amultitude of varied industries. High-speed applications with DN (dynamicnumber) values over 1,000,000 are common place for turbomachinery. Thesehigh-speed applications, owing to the fact that rotor imbalance forceincreases as a square function of rotor speed, require damping. Withoutdamping, transmitted forces through the system would cause manywell-known problems such as noise, fretting, loosening of joints, andoverall reduced service life. Further, the bearings themselves wouldhave unacceptable life. For these reasons, turbomachinery bearings arenot hard mounted within their housings. The skilled rotordynamics designengineer spends the majority of his/her life managing these forces,especially those forces encountered as the rotor goes through itsnatural frequencies, commonly referred to as “critical speeds”.

Most turbochargers that employ a low friction rolling element bearinguse two angular contact ball bearings, with each accepting the thrustload in a given axial direction, that are joined together in what iscommonly referred to as a “cartridge”. In a cylindrical coordinatesystem a bearing may be defined with respect to axial, radial andazimuthal dimensions. Within a bearing housing, referred to as housingin subsequent text, a cartridge is located axially and azimuthally viaone or more mechanisms.

For proper functioning, some movement can occur in a radial directionalong a radial line typically defined by an azimuthal locatingmechanism. The housing usually allows lubricant to flow to an outersurface of the bearing cartridge whereby lubricant can enter the bearingcartridge. Lubricant can also form a film between the housing and theouter surface of the bearing cartridge, which is often referred to as a“squeeze film”. A clearance between the housing and a portion of thebearing cartridge outer surface typically defines a film thickness. Frommachine to machine, the film thickness varies in thickness and lengthdepending on many design factors such as the viscosity of the lubricant,the specific rotor size and associated imbalance forces, as well asspace envelope constraints.

While operational conditions may cause some slight variations in filmthickness (e.g., due to radial movement, etc.), the optimal filmthickness is usually a design parameter specified by an outer diameterof the bearing cartridge and an inner diameter of the housing. If theclearance is too small, the squeeze film is overly stiff allowingunacceptable rotor imbalance forces to be transmitted from the bearingcartridge to the housing and surrounding system. On the other hand, ifthe clearance is too large, then the rotor and bearing cartridge hasexcessive radial freedom from the center axis of the housing. Thisexcessive radial freedom in turn forces excessive clearances necessaryto avoid contacts (rubs) between the rotating turbine and compressorwheels and their respective, stationary housings. These wheel to housingclearances are very undesirable as they cause turbulent, secondary airflows which show up as reduced thermodynamic efficiency of thecompressor and turbine stages. Thus, the design engineer is forced intoa compromise between desired optimal squeeze film damping and unwantedexcessive rotor radial freedom.

Overall, an industry need exists for rolling element bearings and/orhousings that utilize a squeeze film damper to be optimized for bothdamping and rotor radial freedom. Various exemplary bearing cartridgesand housings presented herein address such issues and optionally otherissues.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the various methods, devices, systems,arrangements, etc., described herein, and equivalents thereof, may behad by reference to the following detailed description when taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1A is a perspective view diagram of a prior art bearing cartridgefor a turbocharger.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of a prior art bearing cartridge in a prior arthousing.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view diagram of an exemplary bearing cartridgethat includes two regions with different outer diameters to therebyallow for formation of, for example, two film regions in conjunctionwith a housing.

FIG. 3 is a side view of an exemplary bearing cartridge that includestwo regions with different outer diameters to thereby allow forformation of, for example, two film regions in conjunction with ahousing.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary bearing cartridge thatincludes two regions with different outer diameters to thereby allow forformation of, for example, two film regions in conjunction with ahousing.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a bearing cartridge in an exemplaryhousing that includes two regions with different inner diameters tothereby allow for formation of, for example, two film regions.

FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional side view of an exemplary housing thatincludes two regions with different inner diameters to thereby allow forformation of, for example, two film regions in conjunction with abearing cartridge.

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional top view of an exemplary housing thatincludes two regions with different inner diameters to thereby allow forformation of, for example, two film regions in conjunction with abearing cartridge.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various exemplary methods, devices, systems, arrangements, etc.,disclosed herein address issues related to technology associated withturbochargers and are optionally suitable for use with electricallyassisted turbochargers.

FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of prior art bearing cartridge 100. Acylindrical coordinate system is shown for reference that includesradial (r), axial (x) and azimuthal (Θ) dimensions. The cartridge 100includes two annular wells 104, 104′ positioned intermediate a centersection 106 and respective ends of the cartridge 100. The center section106 of the cartridge 100 includes an opening 108 that cooperates with apin to position the cartridge 100 axially and azimuthally in a housingor journal. The wells 104, 104′ are positioned adjacent to outersections 110, 110′, respectively. The outer sections 110, 110′ haveequal outer diameters that define a clearance with a housing and therebyallow for formation of lubricant films f, f′.

FIG. 1B shows a cross-sectional view of the prior art cartridge 100 in aprior art housing 160. A pin 162 acts to locate the cartridge 100axially and azimuthally while allowing freedom in the radial direction.Lubricant can flow via a conduit in the pin 162 to a lubricant entrancewell 164 adjacent the center section 106 of the cartridge 100. Alubricant exit well 168 exists nearly opposite the entrance well 164that allows for drainage of lubricant in and about the cartridge 100.

As shown in FIG. 1B, a clearance exists between an outer diameter of theouter sections 110, 110′ and an inner diameter of the housing 160. Inthis prior art assembly, the clearance defines a single film thicknessf. An enlargement of the cross-section shows the single film thickness fas it exists on either side of the well 104. As mentioned in theBackground section, the selection of this clearance (squeeze filmthickness) acts to determine the operational characteristics such asrotor radial freedom and damping of rotor imbalance forces.

FIG. 2 shows a perspective view on an exemplary bearing cartridge 200that allows for multiple film thicknesses. The cartridge 200 includestwo annular wells 204, 204′ and two grind reliefs 214, 214′ positionedintermediate a center section 206 and respective ends of the cartridge200. The center section 206 of the cartridge 200 may include one or morelubricant openings, for example, as shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B. Thecartridge 200 may include one or more alternative openings, one or moreof which cooperate with a pin or other feature to position the cartridge200 axially and optionally azimuthally in a housing or journal. In thisexample, the cartridge 200 includes openings 207 and 207′ that allow jetlubrication to enter and be directed at the balls of the cartridge 200.Additional openings are optionally included for lubricant flow.

The wells 204, 204′ are positioned adjacent to intermediate sections210, 210′, respectively. The intermediate sections 210, 210′ have outerdiameters that can define clearances with a housing and thereby allowfor formation of lubricant films f1, f1′, which may be substantiallyequal. The grind reliefs 214, 214′ are positioned adjacent to outersections 212, 212′, respectively. The outer sections 212, 212′ haveouter diameters that define clearances with a housing and thereby allowfor formation of lubricant films f2, f2′, which may be substantiallyequal.

Accordingly, the exemplary cartridge 200 may include multiple filmthicknesses by selection of outer diameters of the sections 210, 210′,212, 212′. A housing optionally has an inner diameter that acts todefine clearances with these outer diameters. As described furtherbelow, an exemplary housing includes more than one inner diameter fordefining clearances and film thicknesses that act to reduce rotor radialfreedom or dampen vibrations.

FIG. 3 shows a side view of an exemplary cartridge 300 such as thecartridge 200 of FIG. 2. The cartridge 300 has an approximate length L,an approximate axial midpoint L_(m) and includes intermediate sections310, 310′ having outer diameters D_(O) 1, D_(O) 1′ and outer sections312, 312′ having outer diameters D_(O) 2, D_(O) 2′. In this example, adrain or lubricant opening 309 is positioned at an axial position at orproximate to the midpoint L_(m). The cartridge 300 may include openingssuch as 207, 207′ of the cartridge 200 of FIG. 2.

The cartridge 300 includes various wells and/or grind reliefs whereinwells of axial width Δ_(w) 1, Δ_(w) 1′ exist between a center section306 and intermediate sections 310, 310′ with outer diameters D_(O) 1 andD_(O) 1′ and grind reliefs of axial width Δ_(w) 2, Δ_(w) 2′ existbetween respective intermediate sections 310, 310′ with outer diametersD_(O) 1 and D_(O) 1′ and outer sections 312, 312′ with outer diametersD_(O) 2, D_(O) 2′. The well widths Δ_(w) 1, Δ_(w) 1′ may besubstantially equal and the grind relief widths Δ_(w) 2, Δ_(w) 2′ may besubstantially equal.

The various outer and intermediate sections 310, 310′, 312, 312′ maydiffer in axial width. For example, the cartridge 300 includes an outersection 312 with outer diameter D_(O) 2 that has an axial width lessthan the outer section 312′ with outer diameter D_(O) 2′. In addition,the intermediate section 310 with outer diameter D_(O) 1 has an axialwidth less than the intermediate section 310′ with outer diameter D_(O)1′.

The exemplary cartridge 300 includes various parameters that may be usedto achieve desired performance characteristics. For example, the axialwidth and outer diameters of the various sections may be used to defineradial clearances/film thicknesses and axial film length(s). In general,judicious selection of thickness, length and number of squeeze films canact to achieve suitable reduction in radial freedom and optimizeddamping of rotor imbalance forces. For example, the exemplary cartridge300 includes outer sections 312, 312′ with outer diameters D_(O) 2,D_(O) 2′ wherein D_(O) 2, D_(O) 2′ exceed the outer diameters D_(O) 1,D_(O) 1′ of the intermediate sections 310, 310′. Thus, given a housingwith a specified inner diameter D₁, the bearing cartridge 300 would formthin and thick films, for example, wherein the thin films act to reducerotor radial freedom and the thick films act to dampen rotor imbalanceforces.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional diagram of an exemplary bearing cartridge400. The cartridge 400 includes a center section 406, intermediatesections 410, 410′ and outer sections 412, 412′. The bearing alsoincludes lubricant passages 407, 407′ and 409.

An enlargement shows various wells (e.g., wells, grind reliefs, etc.)and/or transitions from a first outer diameter to a second outerdiameter. A wall 466 of a housing or journal having an inner diameteracts to define clearances and film thicknesses f1, f2. In a firstscenario 401, wells have curvilinear cross-section; in a second scenario402, wells have substantially polygonal cross-section; and in a thirdscenario 403, a step in outer diameter exists between a thick filmregion f1 and a thinner film region f2. The scenarios 401, 402, 403 areexemplary as others may be used to create clearances that form multiplefilm thicknesses.

As already mentioned, a housing or journal may act to define clearancesthat form multiple film thicknesses between the housing and one or moreouter diameters of a bearing cartridge. FIG. 5 shows an exemplaryassembly 500 that includes an exemplary housing 560. The exemplaryassembly 500 includes a bearing cartridge 100 such as the bearingcartridge 100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B.

The exemplary housing 560 includes two or more inner diameters that actto define more than one clearance with the bearing cartridge 100. Anenlargement shows two exemplary scenarios 501, 502. In these twoscenarios, a first inner surface 566 of the housing 560 has a firstinner diameter and a second inner surface 567 of the housing 560 has asecond inner diameter. In conjunction with the bearing cartridge 100,the first inner surface 566 acts to form a film thickness f1 and thesecond inner surface 567 acts to form a film thickness f2. In thescenario 501, the transition between the first surface 566 and thesecond surface 567 is a step whereas in the scenario 502, the transitionbetween the first surface 566 and the second surface 567 is a gradient,definable by one or more derivatives with respect to an axial dimension,optionally including a step.

FIG. 6A shows a cross-sectional, side view of an exemplary housing 660and FIG. 6B shows a cross-sectional top view of the exemplary bearinghousing 660. The exemplary housing 560 can house a bearing cartridge andact to define clearances between an outer surface of the bearingcartridge and an inner wall of the housing 660 wherein the clearancesact to form various films that can be aimed at reduction of unwantedexcessive radial clearance and/or optimized dampening of rotor imbalanceforces.

An inner surface 666 has a first inner diameter and an inner surface 667has a second inner diameter wherein the first inner diameter exceeds thesecond inner diameter. A bearing cartridge that includes an outersurface having an outer diameter may act to define clearances with thefirst and second inner surfaces 666, 667 when positioned in the housingto form an assembly.

Various exemplary devices, methods, systems, arrangements, etc.,described herein pertain to formation and use of multiple filmthicknesses. In various examples, one film has damping characteristicsand another film has characteristics that minimize excessive radialfreedom and play.

An exemplary bearing cartridge includes an inner film to outer filmratio of approximately 1:2, i.e., the inner film being approximatelytwice the thickness of the outer film. For example, an inner film ofapproximately 0.0030 inch (approx. 0.076 mm) and an outer film ofapproximately 0.0015 inch (approx. 0.0038 mm) wherein the inner filmacts to dampen vibrations and the outer film acts to limit rotor radialplay. Such an exemplary bearing cartridge may be suitable for use in acommercially available GARRETT® GTA47-55R turbomachinery device(Torrance, Calif.).

In general, a sufficiently thick film can act to reduce noise andvibration and loading through the system; whereas a thinner film canreduce slop or play in the system (e.g., rotor play, etc.). A thinnerfilm may also allow for reduction in wheel to housing clearances in aturbocharger system, which can act to reduce undesirable secondaryaerodynamic flows that would cause reduced compressor and turbine stagethermodynamic efficiencies.

Various examples include one or more thinner clearance regions proximateto an outer end(s) of a bearing cartridge. A pair of thinner clearanceregions proximate to outer ends of a bearing cartridge may limit pivotwhen compared to a thinner clearance region(s) positioned proximate toor at a center section.

Although some exemplary methods, devices, systems arrangements, etc.,have been illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in theforegoing Detailed Description, it will be understood that the exemplaryembodiments disclosed are not limiting, but are capable of numerousrearrangements, modifications and substitutions without departing fromthe spirit set forth and defined by the following claims.

1-7. (canceled)
 8. A squeeze film bearing cartridge for a turbochargercomprising: a center section; two outer sections having a first outerdiameter; two intermediate sections having a second outer diameter, theintermediate sections positioned intermediate the center section and arespective one of the outer sections and wherein the first outerdiameter exceeds the second outer diameter; and a first wellintermediate the center section and one of the intermediate sections anda second well intermediate the center section and the other of theintermediate sections wherein the wells include one or more openings toallow lubricant to enter the bearing cartridge.
 9. (canceled)
 10. Asqueeze film bearing cartridge for a turbocharger comprising: a centersection; two outer sections having a first outer diameter; twointermediate sections having a second outer diameter, the intermediatesections positioned intermediate the center section and a respective oneof the outer sections and wherein the first outer diameter exceeds thesecond outer diameter; a first well intermediate the center section andone of the intermediate sections and a second well intermediate thecenter section and the other of the intermediate sections; and a firstgrind relief intermediate one of the intermediate sections and one ofthe outer sections and a second grind relief intermediate the other ofthe intermediate sections and the other of the outer sections.
 11. Thebearing cartridge of claim 10 wherein the first grind relief and thesecond grind relief comprise curvilinear cross-sections.
 12. The bearingcartridge of claim 10 wherein the first grind relief and the secondgrind relief comprise polygonal cross-sections.
 13. A squeeze filmbearing cartridge for a turbocharger comprising: a center section; twoouter sections having a first outer diameter; two intermediate sectionshaving a second outer diameter, the intermediate sections positionedintermediate the center section and a respective one of the outersections and wherein the first outer diameter exceeds the second outerdiameter; a well positioned between the center section and one of theintermediate sections and another well positioned between the centersection and the other of the intermediate sections; and a first stepintermediate one of the intermediate sections and one of the outersections and a second step intermediate the other of the intermediatesections and the other of the outer sections.
 14. A squeeze film bearingcartridge for a turbocharger comprising: a center section; two outersections having a first outer diameter; two intermediate sections havinga second outer diameter, the intermediate sections positionedintermediate the center section and a respective one of the outersections and wherein the first outer diameter exceeds the second outerdiameter: a well positioned between the center section and one of theintermediate sections and another well positioned between the centersection and the other of the intermediate sections; and an opening toaxially locate the cartridge in a housing wherein the opening comprisesa lubricant exit.
 15. (canceled)
 16. The bearing cartridge of claim 14wherein the wells include one or more openings to allow lubricant toenter the bearing cartridge.
 17. (canceled)